Ku sociology

Biography —. JOEY SPRAGUE (PhD Wisconsin; Professor) is most interested in the ways gender, class, and race structure knowledge, from what we take to be common sense to the social organization of the academy. Recent publications include Feminist Methodologies for Critical Researchers: Bridging Differences (2nd edition, Rowman & Littlefield ...

The University of Kansas prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, ethnicity, religion, sex, national origin, age, ancestry, disability, status as a veteran, sexual orientation, marital status, parental status, gender identity, gender expression, and genetic information in the university's programs and activities.The Department of Sociology at the University of Kansas offers a Ph.D. program in sociology. Upon admission, all students are enrolled as Ph.D. students, but must complete all requirements for a M.A. degree during their progress toward the Ph.D. degree. A terminal M.A. option is available for students who decide not to complete a Ph.D. He established the Centre for Sociology of Education at the KU Leuven (1977) and was head of this Centre (1977-2006). The Centre for Sociology of Education conducted research concerning all levels of school education. Research about sociological theory was focused on the American and European interpretative sociology and the link …KU Sociology Bachelor’s Program. In the 2020-2021 academic year, 25 students earned a bachelor's degree in sociology from KU. About 60% of these graduates were women and the other 40% were men. The majority of the students with this major are white. About 56% of 2021 graduates were in this category.Association for the Study of Food and Society (ASFS): Alex McIntosh Prize for Graduate Student Paper (For the working paper: "‘Pure yeast cultures’: a social history of standard lager 1850-1910”) Matt Comi. 2019. Institute for Policy and Social Research (IPSR) Doctoral Fellow. Kafayat Mahmoud. 2019.KU Sociology Bachelor’s Program. In the 2020-2021 academic year, 25 students earned a bachelor's degree in sociology from KU. About 60% of these graduates were women and the other 40% were men. The majority of the students with this major are white. About 56% of 2021 graduates were in this category.

Social Construct. An idea that appears as natural and obvious to those who agree upon and accept it as "real", but it is an invention of a particular culture or society. Social Institutions. A group of people who come together for a common purpose. They work to govern behavior and expectations of individuals. KU Employment Data Student Employee of the Year ... Sociology, Psychology , Journalism-Strategic Communications : Lawrence, KS; Kansas City : Kansas City Chamber of Commerce: Video: Social Media : Marketing : Kansas City, MO : Kansas ...Joy. Donovan joined the KU sociology faculty in 2001 and for two decades has taught the department’s class in cultural sociology. The class explores popular culture, and in the past few years the professor noticed that students often mentioned Taylor Swift in class discussions. Those references increased during the pandemic, which coincided ...Sociology. Ike Uri. Hunter Finch. Nadia Vossoughi. Subscribe to Sociology Student Links Get Started; Share your Research; Volunteer Opportunities; Fund your Research ... Strong Hall, Room 156 1450 Jayhawk Blvd. Lawrence, KS 66045 [email protected] 785-864-5733. facebook instagram twitter. Visit KU; Apply; Give; News; Events; Careers; Alumni ...He established the Centre for Sociology of Education at the KU Leuven (1977) and was head of this Centre (1977-2006). The Centre for Sociology of Education conducted research concerning all levels of school education. Research about sociological theory was focused on the American and European interpretative sociology and the link …22-10-2023. Tenure track assistant professorship in media studies. Faculty of Humanities. Institut for Kommunikation. 22-10-2023. 160016 Professor Medical Gross Anatomy. Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences. Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine. 22-10-2023.

The online KU sociology bachelor's program combines our tradition of excellence with cutting-edge innovations in digital instruction and outreach. This program will give you a firm foundation in sociological theory and research techniques, and offers courses that focus on gender, racial, and class inequality; diversity and inclusion; health ...A. Ku. Sociology. 2012; The paper integrates spatial analysis with dynamic discourse analysis to look at the interplay among discourse, agency, and spatial practices in the social production of space. It examines the dual … Expand. 58. PDF. Save. Street Politics in a Hybrid Regime: The Diffusion of Political Activism in Post-colonial Hong …On 12 May 2008, a huge earthquake struck Wenchuan county in Sichuan province, China. Since that time, we have worked together with the local community, implementing an alternative model of community reconstruction. Our ‘rural–urban alliance’ is an action research project devoted to post-disaster community rebuilding, which not only …Association for the Study of Food and Society (ASFS): Alex McIntosh Prize for Graduate Student Paper (For the working paper: "‘Pure yeast cultures’: a social history of standard lager 1850-1910”) Matt Comi. 2019. Institute for Policy and Social Research (IPSR) Doctoral Fellow. Kafayat Mahmoud. 2019. He established the Centre for Sociology of Education at the KU Leuven (1977) and was head of this Centre (1977-2006). The Centre for Sociology of Education conducted research concerning all levels of school education. Research about sociological theory was focused on the American and European interpretative sociology and the link …A. Ku. Sociology. 2012; The paper integrates spatial analysis with dynamic discourse analysis to look at the interplay among discourse, agency, and spatial practices in the social production of space. It examines the dual … Expand. 58. PDF. Save. Street Politics in a Hybrid Regime: The Diffusion of Political Activism in Post-colonial Hong …

Strength based approaches.

🔸پنج شنبه های جامعه شناسانه ⚪️ جامعه‌شناسی بخشی از علوم اجتماعی و دانش بررسی جامعه (پدیده اجتماعی) است. این رشتهٔ علمی به بررسی جوامع بشری، برهم‌کنش‌های آن‌ها، و فرایندهایی که جوامع را در وضعیت جاری‌شان نگاه داشته ...graduate student in the Sociology Department of the University of Kansas, 1954 to 1959. He completed his master'sdegree in 1955 and hisPhD in 1959. He taught in both the sociology department and the western civilization program. Dr. Schellenburg is currently a Professor of Sociology at Indiana State University.The University of Copenhagen has decided to let UK students apply by the EU-deadline of March 1st. The Application Portal opens January 16, 2021. By this date, we expect to know the status of Great Britain, and depending on the outcome of the Brexit negotiations a possible application fee will apply to UK students.William G. Staples is Professor Emeritus of Sociology. Staples took his PhD from the University of Southern California and was a Postdoctoral Fellow at UCLA. He taught in the KU Sociology Department for thirty-one years, retiring in 2020. He now lives in Washington, DC.Aug 18, 2023 · Why is there inequality, and how can I make a difference in society? If you have ever thought about questions like these—and wanted to develop the critical thinking and research skills to answer them—you can explore your curiosity with a Bachelor of Science degree in Sociology.

1967 and a Full Professor 1967 to 1973 in the KU Sociology Department. He also held the positions of Vice-chair/Director of Graduate Studies, 1969 to 1972 and Department Chair 1972 to 1973. Following his tenure at KU, Dr. Wax joined the faculty of Washington University at St. Louis, as a Full Professor. Dr. Wax has been active in research on …Admission to KU. All students applying for admission must send high school and college transcripts to the Office of Admissions. Prospective first-year students should be aware that KU has qualified admission requirements that all new first-year students must meet to be admitted. ... Sociology majors may want to consider a second major in ...Oct 12, 2023 · The study of sociology provides valuable insights into the social institutions and processes that shape human behaviors, histories, and opportunities. Sociologists …To qualify for “Graduation with Honors in Sociology,” you must meet the College’s requirement for a 3.25 grade-point average for all college work and a 3.5 GPA in Sociology. You also must complete 6 hours of course work in SOC 499, culminating in a superior thesis, which will be reviewed by three members of the College faculty, at least ... Darcy Sullivan. Doctoral Candidate. Graduate Research Assistant, Institute for Health and Disability Policy Studies. View full profile. Joy. Donovan joined the KU sociology faculty in 2001 and for two decades has taught the department’s class in cultural sociology. The class explores popular culture, and in the past few years the professor noticed that students often mentioned Taylor Swift in class discussions. Those references increased during the pandemic, which coincided ... Jennifer was awarded the Morris C. Pratt & Carrol D. Clark Graduate Student Scholarship; the Helen Waddle Roofe Research Scholarship; and the Louise Julie Doehring McClendon Scholarship in Gerontology for the 2023-2024 academic year. Jennifer was also selected to participate in KU’s Applied Humanities Bootcamp in May 2023 and as an IPSR ...They are postdoctoral researchers at KU Leuven. From solid state matter to superconductivity – the two physicists are thoroughly enjoying their research at our university. Hanna Paddubrouskaya and Asteriona Maria Netsou, from Belarus and Greece respectively, chose KU Leuven for its outstanding infrastructure and for its reputation as …The registration period for the 2024-2025 academic year starts on 16 August 2024 and ends on 18 September 2024. Incoming students ideally arrive in Belgium about two weeks prior to the start of the academic year, which is on 23 September 2024. You can find the general academic & holidays calendar here.The University of Kansas prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, ethnicity, religion, sex, national origin, age, ancestry, disability, status as a veteran, sexual orientation, marital status, parental status, gender identity, gender expression, and genetic information in the university's programs and activities. Retaliation is also prohibited by university policy. …

The University of Kansas ( KU) is a public research university with its main campus in Lawrence, Kansas. [12] Two branch campuses are in the Kansas City metropolitan area on the Kansas side: the university's medical school and hospital in Kansas City, Kansas, the Edwards Campus in Overland Park. There are also educational and research sites in ...

SOCI6008 (2nd semester) Modern Theory and Sociological Analysis. SOCI6011 (1st semester) Ethnographic research methods. SOCI6012 (2nd semester) Classical social theory. We are a leading sociology department in Asia, and consistently rank number 1 in Hong Kong. Our inspiring programmes and courses equip students with skills for …A statement of this plan, and any subsequent significant revisions, must be submitted to the Graduate Studies Committee for review every January by completing and updating the Graduate Student Plan of Study. Contact the graduate director for any further questions: ChangHwan Kim, 748 Fraser Hall, 785-864-9426 , [email protected]. The New Farmers Project — the new book — New Farmers 2014/2018 — is available now!Available from the University Press of Kansas at [email protected] or 785-864.4155 or on AmazonThe University of MENU College of Liberal Arts & Sciences Home Sociology Go to program page Sociology is the study of social life, social change, and the social causes and consequences of human behavior. Degrees offered Ph.D. Related interestsIf you are interested in these or related issues, then KU Leuven’s brand new one-year programme Master of Sociology is the choice for you. Taught by dedicated and internationally recognised staff, it offers students the opportunity to become experts in one of three specialised domains: Culture and Society, Quantitative Analysis and Social ...Faculty of Theology and Religious Studies Sint-Michielsstraat 4 box 3100 BE-3000 Leuven, BelgiumKU Online Programs Jayhawk Global Home Online Bachelor's in Sociology Request Info Program overview: online bachelor's in sociology Sociology is the study of social life, social change, and the social causes and consequences of human behavior.Research —. In her current research, Adrianne Showalter Matlock is figuring out how mid-sized Midwestern cities characterize their role in meeting basic human needs while navigating the challenges of the national and global political economic context. To do this, she is analyzing how 20 cities talk about housing in their narrative-rich land ...Department of Sociology . MANUAL OF GRADUATE STUDY . Students are responsible for informing themselves of the requirements of the Department of Sociology and the University of Kansas described in this manual. Please direct any questions to the Director of Graduate Studies or Graduate Academic Advisor. Effective Fall 2021Som sociologistuderende får du indsigt i, hvordan sociale relationer udfolder sig i små og store grupper af mennesker, organisationer, virksomheder, institutioner, kulturer, lande mv. Det giver en specialiseret viden om de sociale processer, der skaber integration, konflikt, forandring og stabilitet.

Avn lovers reddit.

Athletics tickets.

Edited at the Department of Sociology, University of Kansas Advisory Board . William E. Thompson Emporia State University Lourdes Gouveia University of Nebraska-Omaha. Sponsoring Institutions BETHANY COLLEGE Social Science Department WINTER 1990 Contributors ... Dr. Storer remembers the old wooden KU sociology building, the …28 maj 2023 ... Like many “Swifties,” University of Kansas sociology professor Brian Donovan first became a Taylor Swift fan in 2013, upon the release of ...Kakatiya University was established on 19th August, 1976 to fulfil the aspirations of the Telangana people for higher education. It is located in the historical city, Warangal, the erstwhile seat of the Kakatiya rulers. The founding of the University was in fact a historic event that heralded a new era in the realms of higher education of this ...Students previously had to get themselves enrolled at the KU's sociology department in order to study this discipline, and were restricted to a Master's degree.The Department of Sociology at the University of Kansas offers a Ph.D. program in sociology. Upon admission, all students are enrolled as Ph.D. students, but must complete all requirements for a M.A. degree during their progress toward the Ph.D. degree. A terminal M.A. option is available for students who decide not to complete a Ph.D.KU Sociology Bachelor’s Program. In the 2020-2021 academic year, 25 students earned a bachelor's degree in sociology from KU. About 60% of these graduates were women and the other 40% were men. The majority of the students with this major are white. About 56% of 2021 graduates were in this category.• Distinguished Achievement Award from KU Sociology Department (2014) • American Sociological Association Honors Program (2013) • McNair Scholar (2012-2013) • KU Honors Program J. Michael Young Development Grant (2012; 2013) - $ 2,000 • Betty Wahlstedt award for excellence in the social sciences (2012; 2013) - $ 1,5002 John M. Mecklin, The Ku Klux Klan: A Study of the American Mind (New York, 1924). 3 Emerson H. Loucks, The Ku Klux Klan in Pennsylvania (Harrisburg, 1936). 4 Frank Bohn, "The Ku Klux Klan Interpreted," American Journal of Sociology, XXX (1925), 385-107; Frank Tannenbaum, 'The Ku Klux Klan: Its Social Origin in the South," Century, CV (1923 ...They are postdoctoral researchers at KU Leuven. From solid state matter to superconductivity – the two physicists are thoroughly enjoying their research at our university. Hanna Paddubrouskaya and Asteriona Maria Netsou, from Belarus and Greece respectively, chose KU Leuven for its outstanding infrastructure and for its reputation as …Scholarships are available for study abroad both through KU Study Abroad & Global Engagement and national organizations. Research your opportunities early. Courses to take at KU: There may be certain courses within the Sociology curriculum that you should plan to take at KU. Meet with your academic advisor to learn more about any restrictions ... Social Construct. An idea that appears as natural and obvious to those who agree upon and accept it as "real", but it is an invention of a particular culture or society. Social Institutions. A group of people who come together for a common purpose. They work to govern behavior and expectations of individuals. Why Sociology at KU? ... Gender, Globalization, Political-Economic Sociology. Fraser Hall, Room 716 1415 Jayhawk Blvd. Lawrence, KS 66045 [email protected] 785-864-4111. ….

KU Employment Data Student Employee of the Year ... Sociology, Psychology , Journalism-Strategic Communications : Lawrence, KS; Kansas City : Kansas City Chamber of Commerce: Video: Social Media : Marketing : Kansas City, MO : Kansas ...Sociology Department Home Sociology Faculty Robert J. Antonio Chancellor's Club Teaching Professor View full profile Joanna V. Brooks Adjunct Associate Professor of Sociology Associate Professor of Population Health View full profile Kelly H. Chong Professor Chairperson View full profile Brian L. Donovan Professor Associate Chairperson07. BA Sociology Books. Sociology deals with social behavior & how to live within a society. You will learn a lot about Indian society in this undergraduate course. Some important topics like social structures, society & religion constitute the syllabus. These subjects make it another interesting course in Bachelors of Arts. BA 1st Year ...The KU Sociology graduate program has much to be proud of in 2023. As usual, our graduate students have been publishing, defending proposals and dissertations, winning awards, and getting jobs. For example, in the spring of 2023, six newly minted Ph.D. graduates snagged a number of coveted academic and non-academic positions ( see Graduate ... KU Leuven research Are you passionate about your research area and enthused by research? Come join our team of world class researchers. Get started at KU Leuven Info. Inspiring the outstanding is in our DNA. We see research as an engagement with society. Our researchers are constantly questioning established understanding of …Kakatiya University, Warangal was established in 1976 by upgrading the then PG Centre of the Osmania University originally started in 1967. The main objective behind the establishment of this University was to provide educational facilities to the people of Northern Telangana. From 1967 to 1982 books were acquired by the University Library …The Master of Statistics and Data Sciences will help you develop a problem-solving attitude and teach you how to apply statistical methodology. You'll be trained intensively in both the theoretical and practical aspects of statistics and data science. About the programme. Admission and application. Tuition fees.KU Online Programs Jayhawk Global Home Online Bachelor’s in Sociology Request Info Program overview: online bachelor’s in sociology Sociology is the study of social life, … Ku sociology, [email protected] +852 3917 2051. 9.01, 9/F., The Jockey Club Tower, Centennial Campus. Dr David A Palmer is a Professor jointly appointed by the Hong Kong Institute for the Humanities and Social Sciences and the Department of Sociology at the University of Hong Kong, which he joined in 2008., What is Sociology? Sociology: the study of social life, social change, and the social causes and consequences of human behavior. Since all human behavior is social, few fields have such broad scope and relevance both personally and professionally. History Careers Social Topics Studied National Recognition , Assistant Professor of Sociology at the University of North Dakota Dissertation title: Hierarchies of Risk: The Longitudinal Dynamics of Family, Work, Welfare and Health Insurance in Low-Income Women's Lives. "Kansas Sociology stresses the mentor/apprentice model of graduate work that seems to be missing from many departments in the United States., KU Leuven research Are you passionate about your research area and enthused by research? Come join our team of world class researchers. Get started at KU Leuven Info. Inspiring the outstanding is in our DNA. We see research as an engagement with society. Our researchers are constantly questioning established understanding of …, The Master of Statistics and Data Sciences will help you develop a problem-solving attitude and teach you how to apply statistical methodology. You'll be trained intensively in both the theoretical and practical aspects of statistics and data science. About the programme. Admission and application. Tuition fees., Sociology 104 Exam 2- KU. 50 terms. chrisstavrou. KU Sociology 104 Final. 76 terms. thorpeka. Other sets by this creator. teaching. 6 terms. maddie_lutz4. ENGL 332 ..., [email protected] +852 3917 2051. 9.01, 9/F., The Jockey Club Tower, Centennial Campus. Dr David A Palmer is a Professor jointly appointed by the Hong Kong Institute for the Humanities and Social Sciences and the Department of Sociology at the University of Hong Kong, which he joined in 2008., Professor Kelley returned to Kansas in 2016 to join the Department of American Studies after teaching at the Universities of Miami, Oklahoma, and Illinois. Professor Kelley's work focuses on broad issues of gender, health, and marginalized populations. Her newest research is an investigation of women, guns, and American culture., The Master of Statistics and Data Sciences will help you develop a problem-solving attitude and teach you how to apply statistical methodology. You'll be trained intensively in both the theoretical and practical aspects of statistics and data science. About the programme. Admission and application. Tuition fees., Step 1: Visit the official website of SVU Tirupati. Step 2: Click on the Exam Schedule section under the Examination tab on the homepage. Step 3: The timetable for the upcoming examination will appear on the screen. Step 4: Search for the examination schedule of the respective course., Biography —. Professor Antonio (PhD Notre Dame) specializes in social theory, macroscopic sociology, and economy and society. His writings have focused on Marx, the Frankfurt School, Weber, Dewey, Habermas, and others in the classical and continental tradition. Among his publications are Marx & Modernity (2002), “After Postmodernism ... , Sociology Graduate Program. ... Director of the Office of Institutional Opportunity & Access, [email protected], Room 1082, Dole Human Development Center, 1000 Sunnyside Avenue, Lawrence, KS 66045, 785-864-6414, 711 TTY (for the Lawrence, Edwards, Parsons, Yoder, and Topeka campuses); ..., Solve basic problems. Social constructs. an idea that appears to be real and people accept it as real but is an invention of a particular group of society. money, beauty norms, nationality, class. Socialization. Constructs learned through primary and secondary socialization., Kenyatta University(KU)School of Arts & Humanities came to being as a result of the restructuring process that transformed it from The Faculty of Arts in 2002.The school is located at the western side of the main campus, opposite the Post Office and is adjacent to The Kenyatta University Conference Centre Annex. , Terms in this set (39) free will meaning individuals can exercise some choice HOWEVER these individual choices are constrained by larger social structure of society and the social location one is born into. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Social construct, Social location, Social norms and more. , The 19th-century Klan was originally organized as a social club by Confederate veterans in Pulaski, Tennessee, in 1866.They apparently derived the name from the Greek word kyklos, from which comes the English “circle”; “Klan” was added for the sake of alliteration and Ku Klux Klan emerged. The organization quickly became a …, "University of Kansas sociology professor Brian Donovan will turn his research into a new class at KU this fall, an undergraduate seminar called “The Sociology of Taylor Swift.” It’s not the first college class focused on Swift – others have looked at her song lyrics through a literary lens. Donovan’s course will instead explore Swift’s fandom …, Scholarships are available for study abroad both through KU Study Abroad & Global Engagement and national organizations. Research your opportunities early. Courses to take at KU: There may be certain courses within the Sociology curriculum that you should plan to take at KU. Meet with your academic advisor to learn more about any restrictions ... , For many of these companies, it represents a significant philosophical shift in policy. The “Unite the Right” rally in Charlottesville, Virginia, ostensibly a protest against the removal of a Confederate monument, drew hate groups that incl..., Sep 5, 2023 · Graduate Admission. Join our graduate program - a vibrant intellectual community of about 20 internationally recognized faculty members and about 40 graduate students. Being the oldest sociology department in the United States, we pride ourselves on our distinguished history in both qualitative and quantitative study. , Aug 18, 2023 · Why is there inequality, and how can I make a difference in society? If you have ever thought about questions like these—and wanted to develop the critical thinking and research skills to answer them—you can explore your curiosity with a Bachelor of Science degree in Sociology. , The 19th-century Klan was originally organized as a social club by Confederate veterans in Pulaski, Tennessee, in 1866.They apparently derived the name from the Greek word kyklos, from which comes the English “circle”; “Klan” was added for the sake of alliteration and Ku Klux Klan emerged. The organization quickly became a …, Kenyatta University (c) Sub-communities within this community. MST-School of Agriculture and Enterprise Development [161] MST-School of Applied Human Sciences [256] MST-School of Architecture and the Built Environment [2] MST-School of Business [3012] MST-School of Creative and Performing Arts, Film & Media Studies [95] MST-School of …, From Tied Movers to Tied Stayers: Changes in Family Migration Decision-Making, 1989-98 to 2009-18 . Erickson, Matthew (University of Kansas, 2019-05-31) Past research has found that when a dual-career heterosexual married couple migrates to a new labor market, the woman is more likely to be the “tied mover”: the partner whose career ... , Kenyatta University(KU)School of Arts & Humanities came to being as a result of the restructuring process that transformed it from The Faculty of Arts in ..., By Jayhawk tradition, we raise one chant. “Rock Chalk” is our versatile exclamation for all things KU: a spirited reverberation from the university’s past, a rallying cry from the stadium seats, and a catchy arrangement that creates community. Explore what it means to claim the chant and be a Jayhawk. About KU., Oct 5, 2023 · The 19th-century Klan was originally organized as a social club by Confederate veterans in Pulaski, Tennessee, in 1866.They apparently derived the name from the Greek word kyklos, from which comes the English “circle”; “Klan” was added for the sake of alliteration and Ku Klux Klan emerged. , The study of sociology provides valuable insights into the social institutions and processes that shape human behaviors, histories, and opportunities. Sociologists focus on the actions, beliefs, values, norms, organizations, institutions, and other social forces that characterize a society and shape people's lives., Sociology. Ike Uri. Hunter Finch. Nadia Vossoughi. Subscribe to Sociology Student Links Get Started; Share your Research; Volunteer Opportunities; Fund your Research ... Strong Hall, Room 156 1450 Jayhawk Blvd. Lawrence, KS 66045 [email protected] 785-864-5733. facebook instagram twitter. Visit KU; Apply; Give; News; Events; Careers; Alumni ..., KU Leuven research Are you passionate about your research area and enthused by research? Come join our team of world class researchers. Get started at KU Leuven Info. Inspiring the outstanding is in our DNA. We see research as an engagement with society. Our researchers are constantly questioning established understanding of …, Home Sociology General Planning Tips For Sociology With careful planning you can study abroad and still graduate on time. The minimum eligibility requirements to study abroad are the completion of one semester on campus and a GPA of 2.5 or higher. Some programs may have additional eligibility requirements., Kenyatta University(KU)School of Arts & Humanities came to being as a result of the restructuring process that transformed it from The Faculty of Arts in 2002.The school is located at the western side of the main campus, opposite the Post Office and is adjacent to The Kenyatta University Conference Centre Annex., Oct 12, 2023 · Sociology Graduate Program. Sociology offers a distinct perspective on understanding the social world. Our discipline emphasizes how institutions and structural …