Constant voltage drop model

19 Nov 2014 ... ... model, the ideal diode model, and the constant voltage drop model. Download Presentation. diode · diode model · ideal diode · circuit analysis ...

Electrical Engineering questions and answers. Assume the diode in the circuit below is real and model it using the constant voltage drop model. Let V1=10.9 V, R1=39 N, and 11=0.15 A. Determine the output voltage, Vo, in Volts and round your answer to 1 digit to the right of the decimal. Note: the constant voltage drop model assumes that Vp = 0 ...Explanation: In constant voltage drop model at forward bias diode can be replaced as a cell and in reverse bias diode can be avoided by considering the terminals are open. Since D1 is in forward biased there will be a voltage drop of 0.5V. So net voltage will be 2.5V and hence current is 2.5mA. This problem has been solved! You'll get a detailed solution from a subject matter expert that helps you learn core concepts. See Answer. Question: 67. (a) Find I and V in the four circuits in Fig. P3.67 using the ideal diode model. (b) Repeat using the constant voltage drop model with Von =0.65 V. Please do BOTH circuits.You'll get a detailed solution from a subject matter expert that helps you learn core concepts. Question: Q2. For the diode logic circuits shown in Fig. 4.2, find the output voltage and the diode currents for the particular input values shown. Model a conducting diode as a constant voltage drop of 0.7 V. (20pt) (v) Fig. 4.2.Silicon has a typical forward voltage of 0.6 − 0.7 V ‍ . Germanium diode - Made from a different element. Germanium diodes have a lower forward voltage of 0.25 − 0.30 V ‍ . Schottky diode - Made from a silicon-to-metal contact. The forward voltage is lower than regular silicon diodes, in the range of 0.15 – 0.45 V ‍ .I say a positive voltage because clearly D1 is reverse biased by \$V_B\$ so, to make it conduct, D2 and R2 must be acting as a partial clamp on the output so that …

Resistance between the voltage source and the load causes a voltage drop in wiring. A poor connection, corrosion, the type of wire being used, the diameter or gauge of the wire, and the distance between the source and the load can all cause...Electrical Engineering. Electrical Engineering questions and answers. 1. Consider a half-wave rectifier circuit with a triangular-wave input of 5V peak-to-peak amplitude and zero average, and with R=1k2. Assume that the diode can be represented by the constant voltage drop model with V=0.7V. Find the average value of yo 2.Substitute an ideal voltage source for a forward-biased diode and calculate the current. Use whatever exponential model you like to calculate the actual forward …In electronics, voltage drop is the decrease of electric potential along the path of a current flowing in a circuit. Voltage drops in the internal resistance of the source, across conductors, across contacts, and across connectors are undesirable because some of the energy supplied is dissipated.The voltage drop across the load is proportional to the power available to be converted in that ...Question: XV. 4.38 Consider the circuit in Fig. 4.10 with Vpp = 3 V and R=3k12. (a) Find the current using a constant-voltage-drop model. (b) What value of l, is required to make this solution exact? (c) Approximately how much will the current change from this value if I, increases by a factor of 100?

Question: | 4.43 For the circuits in Fig. P4.7, using the constant-voltage-drop (V=0.7 V) diode model, find the values of the labeled currents and voltages. VE 4.3 + 3V + 3V 1kN 33 kB I X D X D2 I DI D2 ov ov ko 31 ke - 3v - 3V (a) Figure P4.7 . Show transcribed image text.Question: For the following circuits, using the constant-voltage-drop (practical) model, calculate the voltage range of Vin that causes an “on” state of D1 and the voltage range of Vin that causes an “off” state of D1. Add a plot of Vout to the given +/− 5 V sinusoidal input waveform. Label the peak values. (2 points each)For the Circuit shown in Figure 1, find the operation point of the diode by (a) Ideal diode model (b) Constant voltage drop model with Von = 0.7V. Vdd 20 R; Vo R2 10 וס Figure 1 V dd = 5V, Ri=5k ohms R=lk ohms, R3= 2.2k ohms, and R=2.2k ohms.Question: For the rectifier circuit below utilizing a center tapped transformer with a turn ratio of 4:1 and the ac line voltage of 120Vrms, using constant voltage drop model for the diodes: (a) Sketch the output waveform vO. (b) What is the required PIV of diodes assuming a safe factor of 1.5. (c) What will be the average output voltage Voavg ? (d) A filtering

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You'll get a detailed solution from a subject matter expert that helps you learn core concepts. Question: 5. The input signal vin for the following circuit is given. Draw the waveform of vout on the same graph with vin. Use the constant-voltage-drop model and assume the knee voltage of the diode is 0.7 V. 6 V w 2.2K Vout Vin .3V -6V →. The Constant Voltage Drop (CVD) Model Q: We know if significant positive current flows through a junction diode, the diode voltage will be some value near 0.7 V. Yet, the ideal diode model provides an approximate answer of vD =0 V. Isn’t there a more accurate model? A: Yes! Consider the Constant Voltage Drop (CVD) model.4.67 Consider a half-wave rectifier circuit with a triangular-wave input of 6-V peak-to-peak amplitude and zero average, and with R=1kΩ. Assume that the diode can be represented by the constant-voltage-drop model with VD =0.7 V. Find the average value of vO.Analyze the circuit below using the constant-voltage drop model of diodes. Sketch the waveform of Vout on the same graph with the given input Vin. Assume the knee voltage of the diode is 0.7 V. Vin Hill 5 V 2V + Vin $180 Vout W w -5 VFor the circuits in Fig. P4.10, utilize Thévenin's theorem to simplify the circuits and find the values of the labeled currents and voltages. Assume that conducting diodes can be represented by the constant-voltage-drop model $\left(V_{D}=0.7 \mathrm{V}\right)$.7 Mar 2011 ... Solved: Multisim11 student evaluation version. In a simple dc series circuit with a 10ohm resistor and (3) in4148 diodes forward biased, ...

Electrical Engineering. Electrical Engineering questions and answers. A1. 3 identical diodes in the circuit given in Fig A1. Use constant voltage drop model for the diodes with Vd=0.75V. Draw equivalent circuits and answer the following questions. (a) VI=5V, find I1, I2, and V0. (b) VI=-10V, find I1, I2, and V0. A2.Question: For each of the circuits given below, assume that the diodes are following a constant voltage drop model with Von=0.75 V. Match each circuit to the correct values of currents ID1 (Current on diode 1) and ID2 (current on diode 2) (a) (b) (c) (d)Circuit (a) Circuit (b) Circuit (c) Circuit (d)However, due to the forward bias voltage drop across the diodes the actual clipping point occurs at +0.7 volts and –0.7 volts respectively. But we can increase this ±0.7V threshold to any value we want up to the maximum value, ( V PEAK ) of the sinusoidal waveform either by connecting together more diodes in series creating multiples of 0.7 volts, or by adding …Answer: B. Clarification: In constant voltage drop model at forward bias diode can be replaced as a cell and in reverse bias diode can be avoided by considering the terminals are open. Since D1 is in forward biased there will be a voltage drop of 0.5V. So net voltage will be 2.5V and hence current is 2.5mA. 4.The Constant Voltage Drop (CVD) Model Q: We know if significant positive current flows through a junction diode, the diode voltage will be some value near 0.7 V. Yet, the ideal diode model provides an …They are implemented as a voltage follower with series negative feedback driven by a constant input voltage source (i.e., a negative feedback voltage stabilizer).The voltage follower is loaded by a constant (current sensing) resistor acting as a simple current-to-voltage converter connected in the feedback loop. The external load of this current …Electrical Engineering. Electrical Engineering questions and answers. 1. Consider a half-wave rectifier circuit with a triangular-wave input of 5V peak-to-peak amplitude and zero average, and with R=1k2. Assume that the diode can be represented by the constant voltage drop model with V=0.7V. Find the average value of yo 2.values of junction To find approximate current and voltage diode circuit, follow these steps: Step 1 - Replace each junction diode with the two the CVD model. devices of Note you now a have an IDEAL diode circuit! There are no junction diodes in the circuit, and therefore no junction diode knowledge need be (or should be) used to analyze it.This model is the one of the simplest and most widely used. It is based on the observation that a forward-conducting diode has a voltage drop that varies in a relatively narrow range, say 0.6 V to 0.8 V. The model assumes this voltage to be constant, say, 0.7 V. The constant voltage drop model is the one most frequently employed in the initial ...Worcester Polytechnic Institute

For the diode circuit shown below, find I1, I2, and the Q-point of the diode according to: (a) ideal diode model (b) constant voltage drop model with a a turn on voltage at 0.6 V Many Thanks! For the diode circuit shown below, find I 1 , I 2, and the Q-point of the diode according to: Many Thanks!

Use the constant-voltage drop diode model with VD = 0.7V. a. Sketch the waveform of v O. b. Find the average value of V O. c. Find the peak current in the diode. d. Find the PIV of the diode. e. Sketch the transfer characteristics of the circuit. Figure (2) Benha university Electronics (EPE 170)1 Nov 2013 ... ... constant voltage source. A discussion on this topic has been first ... The voltage drops across the diodes have been included into the model.Feb 15, 2015 · 2. From the sounds of it, the diode model you are using is the simple "ideal diode" with a fixed forward voltage. This model is an open circuit when VAnode −VCathode < VD V Anode − V Cathode < V D (reverse biased), and a fixed VD V D voltage supply otherwise (forward biased). Start by making assumptions about the state of D1 and D2 (for ... May 1, 2023 · Find the Q-points for the diodes in the four circuits in Fig. P3.68 using (a) the ideal diode model and (b) the constant voltage drop model with Von = 0.7 V. Note that Resistor = 15kOhm. The second picture is my solution, I don't know if it is right or wrong. The value 9.8 m/s^2 is the average acceleration of a falling object due to the force of gravity on Earth. The letter g represents this value the formula v=gt. With this constant and formula, the speed of an object is calculated at the time ...Find the Q-point for the diode in the following circuit using a) The ideal diode model; b) The constant voltage drop model with Von = 0.6V; c) Discuss the results. Which answer do you feel is more correct? 3k B 2k +3V A H 2k A 2k. Problem 4.2P: The temperature dependence of resistance is also quantified by the relation R2=R1 [ 1+ (T2T1) ] where...Question: For the rectifier circuit below utilizing a center tapped transformer with a turn ratio of 4:1 and the ac line voltage of 120Vrms, using constant voltage drop model for the diodes: (a) Sketch the output waveform vO. (b) What is the required PIV of diodes assuming a safe factor of 1.5. (c) What will be the average output voltage Voavg ? (d) A filteringThe constant voltage drop model (assuming 0.7 V for silicon) is fine for most applications. Also, using the constant drop model enables rapid analysis of circuits employing diodes.Question: For the circuits shown in Fig. P4.3, using the constant-voltage-drop (VD = 0.7 V) diode model, find the voltages and currents indicated. For the circuits shown in Fig. P4.3, using the constant-voltage-drop (V D = 0.7 V) diode model, find the voltages and currents indicated. Show transcribed image text. Expert Answer.Determine Vo and I in the diode circuit below using the constant-voltage-drop model. 1 k2 Vo 2 k2 5-10V. Electricity for Refrigeration, Heating, and Air Conditioning (MindTap Course List) 10th Edition. ISBN: 9781337399128.

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In electronics, voltage drop is the decrease of electric potential along the path of a current flowing in a circuit. Voltage drops in the internal resistance of the source, across …by the constant-voltage drop model (V D = 0.7 V). V I V 10kW I +15V 10kW +15V 10kW +10V 20kW 20kW 10kW 10kW Figure 3.3: Solution kΩ and 15 V source can be replaced, using Thevenin’s theorem, by a voltage source V = V s ×20/(10+20) = 15×20/30 = 10V and a resistor that is the parallel equivalent of the two that can be replaced with their ...In Fig. 5, V F increases to the right along the horizontal axis, and I F increases upward along the vertical axis.. Figure 5: Relationship of voltage and current in a forward-biased diode. I F increases very little until the …4.41 For the circuits shown in Fig. P4.2, using the constant-voltage-drop (VD = 0.7 V) diode model, find the voltages and currents indicated. This problem has been solved! You'll get a detailed solution from a subject matter expert that helps you learn core concepts.Characterize the relationship of input vs. output for the circuit in Figure 1. That is, find an expression for vivo. You can use the constant voltage drop model for the diodes. 2. Assemble the circuit in LTSpice. For the op-amp, use the LM324, and use 1 N4148 diodes. The power rails should be set to 9 V and −9 V. 3. Apply aElectrical Engineering. Electrical Engineering questions and answers. Question 2. Constant Voltage Drop Model In the circuit below, assume the constant voltage drop model for the diodes and assume the turn-on voltage is 0.7V. Calculate the values for current IÃ₂ and ID₂. [25 points] R1 R3 D1 1 ΚΩ 1.5 ΚΩ ID2 Vs 5V |+ 本 R2 2.2 ΚΩ IR2 D2.Going off of what echad said, the constant voltage drop model is the simplest one, and speeds up analysis. In reality, voltage drop on diodes have an exponential relationship. Also, there are several different …Oct 13, 2020 · This video introduces the constant voltage drop (CVD) model for diodes as a means to abstract the non-linear behavior of the device. It also shows examples of how to use the CVD model to... ….

The voltage drop across active circuit elements and loads are desired since the supplied power performs efficient work. The voltage drop formula is given by, V = I Z. Where, I = Current in amperes. Z = impedance in Ω . Example 1: A current of 9A flows through a circuit that carries a resistance of 10 Ω. Determine the voltage drop across the ...Q1: For the circuit shown in figure above, Use “constant-voltage-drop” model to determine VD1, VD2, VD3, ID1, ID2, ID3. Q2: For the circuit shown in figure above, Use “exponential model with iterative analysis” to determine VD1, VD2, VD3, ID1, ID2, ID3. Assume that the diode has a current of 0.5 mA at a voltage of 0.7 V.Determine Vout for the circuit above using a constant voltage drop model for D1 (i.e., D1 behaves ideally if reverse biased, and maintains a constant 0.7V voltage drop if forward biased). 4.44V 3.44V 700mv 3.78V O 5.31V 1.37V . Not the question you’re looking for?For the circuit shown in Figure (3.3), utilize the constant-voltage-drop model (0.7 V) for each conduction diode and show that the transfer characteristic can be described by: for -4.65 6 v I 6 4.65 V v o = v I for v I > +4.65 V v o = +4.65 V for v I 6 -4.65 V v o = -4.65 V v o-10 V vI 10 kW 10 kW 10 kW +10 V D1 D2 D3 D4 A B L i i1 i2 i D1 i D4 ...You'll get a detailed solution from a subject matter expert that helps you learn core concepts. Question: 2. Sketch the transfer characteristic vo versus Vi for the limiter circuits shown in Fig. 2. Use a constant voltage drop model (VD=0.7V) +3V +3V 1ΚΩ 1kΩ υ, ο Ο ο υ, ο Ο υο Δ V Υ Δ υ, ο Ο νου, 0- Ο υο W 1 ΚΩ 1 kΩ ...When a preset model is used, a generic value is loaded that corresponds to 1% of the nominal power (nominal voltage multiplied by the battery rated capacity). The resistance is constant during the charge and the …Chapter 4 Ex and problem solution. advertisement. Exercise 4–1 Ex: 4.1 Refer to Fig. 4.3 (a). For v I ≥ 0, the diode conducts and presents a zero voltage drop. Thus v O = v I . For v I < 0, the diode is cut off, zero current flows through R, and v O = 0. The result is the transfer characteristic in Fig. E4.1.Development of the diode constant-voltage-drop model: (a) the exponential characteristic; (b) approximating the exponential characteristic by a constant voltage, usually about 0.7 Vi; (c) the resulting model of the forward-conducting diodes. Microelectronic Circuits, Kyung Hee Univ. Spring, 2016 10. Constant voltage drop model, Question: Use the following diode circuit to answer the questions that follow: Use the constant voltage drop model with VD=0.7 to find I Use the constant voltage drop model with VD=0.7 to find Vx What are the states of the two diodes? Show transcribed image text. There are 3 steps to solve this one., Diode Models → Comparison For the given circuit determine I d using all three models of the diodes. Assume • V DD = 5V • R = 1kOhm Assume • V D = 0.7V (constant voltage model) • I D Q = 1mA @ 0.7V (exponential model) Model I d (mA) Ideal Constant Voltage Drop Exponential Model I d 5.00 4.30 4.26 Linear model pretty close to the actual ..., Characterize the relationship of input vs. output for the circuit in Figure 1. That is, find an expression for vivo. You can use the constant voltage drop model for the diodes. 2. Assemble the circuit in LTSpice. For the op-amp, use the LM324, and use 1 N4148 diodes. The power rails should be set to 9 V and −9 V. 3. Apply a, constant voltage-drop diode model. assumes that the slope of . I. D. vs. V. D. is vertical @ 0.7. V • Not very different • Employed in the initial phases of analysis and design • Ex3.4: solution change if CVDM is used? • A: 4.262. mA. to 4.3. mA. Figure 3.12: Development of the diode constant-voltage-drop model: (a) the exponential ... , Worcester Polytechnic Institute, (b) Repeat using the constant voltage drop model with Von = 0.6 V. 3.11 Multiple Diode Circuits. 3.74. Find the Q-points for the diodes in the four circuits in ..., Use whatever exponential model you like to calculate the actual forward voltage of the diode at that specific current level. Change your ideal voltage source voltage to the calculated diode voltage. Repeat until the values of diode voltage and current converge to your satisfaction. Or, run a SPICE simulation., Electrical Engineering. Electrical Engineering questions and answers. The bridge rectifier circuit below has an input voltage, v; = 10sin (ot), where o= 103 radian/second. Use the diode constant voltage drop model assuming a turn on voltage of 0.7 V. You are given that R = 1k12. + D4 SLO VO + R DS AD?, Find the Q-point for the diode in the following circuit using a) The ideal diode model; b) The constant voltage drop model with Von = 0.6V; c) Discuss the results. Which answer do you feel is more correct? 3k B 2k +3V A H 2k A 2k. Problem 4.2P: The temperature dependence of resistance is also quantified by the relation R2=R1 [ 1+ (T2T1) ] where..., EE-215. Lecture No 07, 08, 09 Electronic Devices & Circuits Text Book: Chapter 04 (SEDRA/SMITH 6th Ed). Diodes 4.1 The Ideal Diode 4.2 Terminal Characteristics of Junction Diodes 4.3 Modeling the Diode Forward Characteristic Instructor: Dr. Farid Gul Class: BEE-10A/B Electrical Engineering Department 1 Current-Voltage Characteristic of …, Expert Answer. 100% (1 rating) Transcribed image text: Germanium (Ge) diodes are similar to Silicon (Si) diodes, except that the voltage drop is 0.3V instead of 0.7V. For the following circuit, redraw the circuit using the constant voltage drop models for the diodes, and determine the output voltage V_0. Previous question Next question., Find the Q-point for the diode in Fig. P3.64 using (a) the ideal diode model and (b) the constant voltage drop model with Von =0.6 V. (c) Discuss the results. Which answer do you feel is most correct? (d) Use iterative analysis to find the actual Q-point if IS=0.1fA. Figure P3.64 , In reality, voltage drop on diodes have an exponential relationship. Also, there are several different models for analyzing circuits that contain diodes. Taken from a textbook I use at school, Microelectronic Circuits 6th Ed, by Sedra and Smith: Graphical Analysis of the Exponential Model, using a load line. Constant Voltage Drop Model , For the circuits in Fig. P4.10, utilize Thévenin's theorem to simplify the circuits and find the values of the labeled currents and voltages. Assume that conducting diodes can be represented by the constant-voltage-drop model $\left(V_{D}=0.7 \mathrm{V}\right)$. , Q1: For the circuit shown in figure above, Use “constant-voltage-drop” model to determine VD1, VD2, VD3, ID1, ID2, ID3. Q2: For the circuit shown in figure above, Use “exponential model with iterative analysis” to determine VD1, VD2, VD3, ID1, ID2, ID3. Assume that the diode has a current of 0.5 mA at a voltage of 0.7 V., For the circuits in Fig. P4.10, utilize Thévenin's theorem to simplify the circuits and find the values of the labeled currents and voltages. Assume that conducting diodes can be represented by the constant-voltage-drop model $\left(V_{D}=0.7 \mathrm{V}\right)$., Electrical Engineering. Electrical Engineering questions and answers. For the circuits in Fig. P4.10, utilize Th venin s theorem to simplify the circuits and find the values of the labeled currents and voltages. Assume that conducting diodes can be represented by the constant-voltage-drop model V (D)=0.7 Volts., Electrical Engineering questions and answers. Assume the diode in the circuit below is real and model it using the constant voltage drop model. Further assume V1=25 V, R1=368 12, R2=91212, R3=916 12, R4=1,060 12, and 11=0.009 A. Determine the voltage on the node labeled Vx. Express your answer in Volts and round to the 1st digit to the right of ..., Constant Voltage Drop Model. Now this is for plain silicon diodes, but the same math holds true for all diodes, just the parameters are slightly different and the drop for LEDs comes out different based on how they are manufactured. Share. Cite. Follow edited Jul 30, 2013 at 13:08. answered Jul ..., Find the current in each diode in the circuit shown below using the constant voltage drop model with V on = 0.70 V, R D=0. (1) I D1 =0A, I D2 =0A (2) ... Using a piecewise linear diode models having an ideal diode, V on = 0.7 V, and R D = 20 ... you need to choose for a ripple voltage of 0.1V if the input frequency is 1 KHz and R=10k Ω? (1) 9. ..., Find the average value of vo. 3.56 Consider a half-wave rectifier circuit with a triangular-wave input of 5-V peak-to-peak amplitude and zero average, and with R= 1 k2. Assume that the diode can be represented by the constant-voltage-drop model with V= 0.65 V and r = 20 2. Find the average value of vo. Problem 12SQ: How is a solid-state diode ..., Whenever diode is forward biased, output voltage is 0.7V due to the constant voltage drop model. When the diode is reverse biased, the complete input 5sint – 1 is observed at the output side. So the output lies between 0.7V to 5sint-1V, i.e a maximum of 4V., Expert Answer. 4) For the circuits below, calculate the current flowing in the circuit using: (a) A constant voltage drop (CVD) model with a turn on voltage of 0.7 V. (b) An ideal diode equation with Is = 1 nA and n = 1 for all diodes. = 10 kilo-Ohms 10 kilo-Ohms 5V 5V +., To verify the voltage drop, Ohm's law and Kirchhoff's circuit law are used, which are briefed below. Ohm's law is represented by V → Voltage Drop (V) R → Electrical Resistance (Ω) I → Electrical Current (A). For DC closed circuits, we also use Kirchhoff's circuit law for voltage drop calculation.It is as follows: Supply Voltage = Sum of the voltage drop across each component of ..., Next ». This set of Analog Circuits Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Diode Clipper and Clamper”. 1. What is the circuit in the given diagram called? a) Clipper. b) Clamper. c) Half wave rectifier. d) Full wave rectifier. View Answer., 1. The Constant Voltage Drop (CVD) Zener Model 2. The Piece-Wise Linear (PWL) Zener Model The Zener CVD Model Let’s see, we know that a Zener Diode in reverse bias can be described as: iI v V Zs Z ZK≈≈ <0 and Whereas a Zener in breakdown is approximately stated as: ivV ZZZK>≈0 and Q: Can we construct a model which behaves in a similar, 14 Mar 2018 ... ... constant-voltage-drop model can be use to simplify the analysis of diode circuits (Courtesy of Sedra and Smith). 5 Small-Signal Model., Question: Use the following diode circuit to answer the questions that follow: Use the constant voltage drop model with VD=0.7 to find I Use the constant voltage drop model with VD=0.7 to find Vx What are the states of the two diodes? Show transcribed image text. There are 3 steps to solve this one., Analyze the circuit below using the constant-voltage drop model of diodes. Sketch the waveform of Vout on the same graph with the given input Vin. Assume the knee voltage of the diode is 0.7 V. Vin Hill 5 V 2V + Vin $180 Vout W w -5 V , Explanation: Since at constant voltage drop model voltage drop across diode at forward bias is a constant. In this circuit if input is negative diode is reverse bias hence no current. So for negative input output is zero. For positive input V out will be equal to input with a voltage drop of V D. , The diode used in the circuit shown in fig. has a constant voltage drop of 0.5 V at all currents and a maximum power rating of 100 milliwatt., Use the constant-voltage drop diode model with VD = 0.7V. a. Sketch the waveform of v O. b. Find the average value of V O. c. Find the peak current in the diode. d. Find the PIV of the diode. e. Sketch the transfer characteristics of the circuit. Figure (2) Benha university Electronics (EPE 170), Electrical Engineering questions and answers. Draw the output waveforms on the same graph with the given input, if V1 = 2 V and V2 =3 V. Use constant-voltage-drop model and assume both diodes have the knee voltage of 0.7. R1 2.2k0 6 V VI V2 M Vowe -6 V.