Balkan slavic

... /RL language service.) Each label under the brandmark refers to the le name in the package. RFE/RL - Balkan (South Slavic) Service brandmark package.

Balkan slavic. Department of Balkan, Slavic & Oriental Studies. Home Page; Eleni Sideri ; Personal Website +30 2310 891.439; elasideri uom.edu.gr; Office: ΚΖ, 221; Sideri Eleni. Assistant Professor Department of Balkan, Slavic & Oriental Studies. Academic Area. Anthropology of Post-socialism with emphasis on the Caucasus and the Black Sea.

Slavic languages - Proto-Slavic, Balto-Slavic, Indo-European: The separate development of South Slavic was caused by a break in the links between the Balkan and the West Slavic groups that resulted from the settling of the Magyars in Hungary during the 10th century and from the Germanization of the Slavic regions of Bavaria and Austria. Some features common to Slovak and Slovene may have ...

The Slavic department offers instruction in five of the Slavic languages: Russian,; Ukrainian,; Polish,; Czech, and; Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian. Most students who ...The Balkan Wars were a series of two conflicts that took place in the Balkan states in 1912 and 1913. In the First Balkan War, the four Balkan states of Greece, ... The three Slavic allies (Bulgaria, Serbia, and Montenegro) had laid out extensive plans to coordinate their war efforts, in continuation of their secret prewar settlements and under ...The nameless protagonist is a persecuted Serb whose journey, while magical, is strongly rooted in Slavic myth and Balkan cultural heritage. It is a unique epic fantasy that explores the horror and ...2 days ago · Balkans, easternmost of Europe’s three great southern peninsulas. The Balkans are usually characterized as comprising Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, and Slovenia—with all or part of those countries located within the peninsula. South Slavs appear in dark green, East Slavs in green, and West Slavs in light green. Pan-Slavism was a movement which crystallized in the mid-19th century. It is a political ideology concerned with the advancement of integrity and unity for the Slavic people. Its main impact occurred in the Balkans, where non-Slavic empires had ruled the South ...José BARANAUSKAS, Professor | Cited by 914 | of University of São Paulo, São Paulo (USP) | Read 35 publications | Contact José BARANAUSKAS

The Department of Balkan, Slavic and Oriental Studies is a dynamic, interdisciplinary and extroversive Department, aiming to “promote knowledge on languages , history and culture of Balkan, Slavic and Oriental countries, and its mission is to study and develop economic , social and political relations between these countries and Greece ... Research interests: Balkan Slavic (especially Bulgarian) dialectology; language and ethnicity in the Balkans; the language of South Slavic oral epic; Balkan ...Marijana uses South-Slavic languages written in the Arabic script in the Ottoman Balkans from the 15 th to 17 th centuries as a window into a multicultural environment. Marijana uncovers important new material and reconceptualizes Slavic aljamiado as Slavophone Arabographia, ...Tirana, the capital city of Albania, a small Balkan country, is one of the most interesting towns in Europe. Its population is around 410,000 people,… About Us Write for Us Contact Us Privacy Policy Cookie Policy Terms and Conditions Cookie...Topolińska, Zuzanna. 2010. The Balkan Sprachbund from a Slavic perspective. Zbornik Matice srpske za filologiju i lingvistiku 53.1: 33–60. Save Citation » Export Citation » Share Citation » A review of basic Balkanisms where Slavic is a donor or recipient. Attention to differentiation within the Sprachbund. van der Auwera, Johan. 1998.For instance, Slavic a iubi ("to love") against inherited a urî ("to hate"), and Slavic prieten ("friend") against Turkic dușman ("enemy"). [26] The influence of Romania's Slavic neighbors on the language continued. The Russian influence was intensified in Bessarabia after it was handed over [32] to the Russian Empire and becoming a Soviet ...

North Slavic features: Wider face, fuller cheeks, button-like wider nose, cat-like lighter eyes, straight thin hair, non-thick eyebrows and also apple-shaped body form in women. that's a pretty good answer! More bulbous and round noses seem like a Slavic feature to me but then again it really depends on the person. Slavic languages - Proto-Slavic, Balto-Slavic, Indo-European: The separate development of South Slavic was caused by a break in the links between the Balkan and the West Slavic groups that resulted from the settling of the Magyars in Hungary during the 10th century and from the Germanization of the Slavic regions of Bavaria and Austria. Some features common to Slovak and Slovene may have ... Andrea Krux is a professional female vocalist and trained opera singer, specialized in ethnic (Middle Eastern, Slavic, Balkan and Asian) and epic cinematic ...Balkan League. Map showing the borders of the Balkan states before and after both Balkan Wars. The League of the Balkans [a] was a quadruple alliance formed by a series of bilateral treaties concluded in 1912 between the Eastern Orthodox kingdoms of Greece, Bulgaria, Serbia and Montenegro, and directed against the Ottoman Empire, [1] which at ...

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Middle Balkan Slavic is a pluricentric, Eastern South Slavic language spoken in a region stretching from Southeastern Serbia to the Black Sea and from the Aegean Sea to Hungary. Within that sphere, however, there exist pockets of Albanian, Romanian, Hungarian, and Greek speakers.Balkan Slavic clitic clusters are determined by syntactic functions. Along with Ouhala (1989) and Kayne (1991), I assume that the clitics of the cluster are ...Slav = Serb = Croat. There are only three, most basic linguistic laws, that you need to understand to follow this text: The change from the “S” to “H” sound, under the Persian influence. For example, number seven in Sanskrit is “ sapta “, in Avestan “ hapta “. The change from “B” to “V”, under the Greek influence.Department of Balkan, Slavic & Oriental Studies. Home Page; Armakolas Ioannis ; Personal Website +30 2310 891.559; iarmak uom.edu.gr; Office: KZ, 234; Armakolas Ioannis. Associate Professor Department of Balkan, Slavic & Oriental Studies. Academic Area. Comparative Politics in South-East Europe.Definition. The term " Slavs " designates an ethnic group of people who share a long-term cultural continuity and who speak a set of related languages known as the Slavic languages (all of which belong to the Indo-European language family). Little is known about the Slavs before they are mentioned in Byzantine records of the 6th century CE, and ...

The non-Slavic languages of the Balkans are Romanian, Albanian, Greek, and Turkish. Muslims offering prayers at a mosque in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina. In terms of ethnicity, the borders of the Balkan states are largely drawn along ethnic lines, with the exception of Bosnia and Herzegovina, which includes Serbs, Croats, and Bosniaks, a ...Botafogo Futebol Clube, commonly referred to as Botafogo-SP, Botafogo de Ribeirão Preto or simply Botafogo, is a Brazilian association football club in Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo.They currently play in the Série B, the second tier of Brazilian football, as well as in the Campeonato Paulista Série A1, the top tier of the São Paulo state football league.Macedonians ( Macedonian: Македонци, romanized : Makedonci) are a nation and a South Slavic ethnic group native to the region of Macedonia in Southeast Europe. They speak Macedonian, a South Slavic language. The large majority of Macedonians identify as Eastern Orthodox Christians, who speak a South Slavic language, and share a ...Berehynia (East Slavic mythology female character) Baba Marta (mythical female character in Bulgarian folklore, associated with the month of March. Martenitsa) Božić (Christmas holiday near the southern Slavs) Dodola (in the Balkan tradition, the spring-summer rite of causing rain, as well as the central character of this rite) History. The earliest scholar to notice the similarities between Balkan languages belonging to different families was the Slovenian scholar Jernej Kopitar in 1829. August Schleicher (1850) more explicitly developed the concept of areal relationships as opposed to genetic ones, and Franz Miklosich (1861) studied the relationships of Balkan Slavic and Romance more extensively. 2 days ago · Balkans, easternmost of Europe’s three great southern peninsulas. The Balkans are usually characterized as comprising Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, and Slovenia—with all or part of those countries located within the peninsula. wolf”), is not linguistically problematic in the Balkan languages. The Slavic name (with minor variations) vukodlak, volkodlak, vurkolak. is formed from the roots . volk, the common Slavic word for “wolf” and . dlak-, an archaic Slavic word meaning “covering” or “hair.” The Albanian word . luvgat. or . lugat, which really ... They literally confirm that the Slavs are divided ethnically, culturally and politically. There is no 'slavic' ethnicity. There are traces of Slavic dna present in all Slavs true, but the genetic admixture is vastly different from one another, as well as the reality that many non-Slavs also possess heavy amounts of Slavic dna. Pan-Slavism was a movement in the mid nineteenth century aimed at unity of all the Slavic peoples. The main focus was in the Balkans where the South Slavs had been ruled and …The corpus contains 23 linguistically annotated samples of "damaskini" and other Balkan Slavic manuscripts and print editions from the 15th-19th century, together with over 50 thousand tokens. The texts have similar prose narratives and topics, i.e. hagiographies and apocalyptic themes. The majority of the texts are various editions of the ...The Slavic culture has been influenced greatly by the other ethnic groups they have come into contact with including the Balkans and the Thracians. The Slavs assimilated most of the non-Slavs they came into contact with including their culture while at the same time influence the cultures of the other communities which they could not assimilate.

Jan 8, 2023 · The Four Yugoslavias: 200 Years of South Slavic States. From unlikely beginnings to tragic end, the attempt to create a unified state of the South Slavs in Yugoslavia was a major geopolitical factor in the Balkans.

Categories. Linguistics - General · Slavic Languages (Other). Product Details. ISBN: 9789062038503. ISBN-10: 9062038506. Publisher: BrillTirana, the capital city of Albania, a small Balkan country, is one of the most interesting towns in Europe. Its population is around 410,000 people,… About Us Write for Us Contact Us Privacy Policy Cookie Policy Terms and Conditions Cookie...Branko. Branko is a South Slavic nickname for Branislav. Branko is a strong name with all the “protector” and “defender” meanings of classic Slavic male names. Your little Branko will likely be the #1 strong guy in your life. Origin: Slavic. Meaning: Protection, glory. Pronunciation: BRAEN-gkow.The 11 countries lying on the Balkan Peninsula are called the Balkan states or just the Balkans. This region lies on the southeastern edge of the European continent. Some Balkan countries such as Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, and Macedonia were once part of Yugoslavia. Test and grow your knowledge of the Balkans here.The Slavic migrations to the Balkans began in the mid-6th century and first decades of the 7th century in the Early Middle Ages.The rapid demographic spread of the Slavs was followed by a population exchange, mixing and language shift to and from Slavic.. The settlement was facilitated by the substantial decrease of the Balkan population during the Plague of Justinian.Mar 26, 2020 · The nameless protagonist is a persecuted Serb whose journey, while magical, is strongly rooted in Slavic myth and Balkan cultural heritage. It is a unique epic fantasy that explores the horror and ... The 13 countries considered to be official Slavic states include the Czech Republic, Bosnia, Serbia, Poland, Slovakia, Belarus, Russia, Ukraine, Bulgaria, Macedonia, Croatia, Slovenia and Montenegro.The 22nd Biennial Conference on Balkan and South Slavic Linguistics, Literature and Folklore will be held virtually (on zoom) from Thursday April 7 to Sunday April 10, 2022. Keynote talks: Thursday April 7th, 2-3:15pm (EDT): Victor Friedman (University of Chicago), “Balkan Obscenity and the Balkan Sprachbund”

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Slavic and Balkan Studies Enrolled in a.y. 2023/2024. Type of educational activity: Core educational activities [B].A Slavic dragon is any dragon in Slavic mythology, including the Russian zmei (or zmey; змей ), Ukrainian zmiy ( змій ), and its counterparts in other Slavic cultures: the Bulgarian zmey ( змей ), the Slovak drak and šarkan, Czech drak, Polish żmij, the Serbo-Croatian zmaj ( змај ), the Macedonian zmej (змеј) and the ... a Balkan Slavic sub-field within the traditional field of South Slavic studies. II. Defining "Literature(s)" Upholding the wide-spread view that literature is a category of modernity that can be applied to pre-modern texts only by "a retrospective hypothesis" (M. Foucault), theSouth Slavic languages. a Includes Banat Bulgarian alphabet. The South Slavic languages are one of three branches of the Slavic languages. There are approximately 30 million speakers, mainly in the Balkans. These are separated geographically from speakers of the other two Slavic branches ( West and East) by a belt of German, Hungarian and ...Berehynia (East Slavic mythology female character) Baba Marta (mythical female character in Bulgarian folklore, associated with the month of March. Martenitsa) Božić (Christmas holiday near the southern Slavs) Dodola (in the Balkan tradition, the spring-summer rite of causing rain, as well as the central character of this rite) Fiery Balkan brass, throbbing funk grooves, Roma (Gypsy) accordion wizardry, and virtuoso jazz chops make Slavic Soul Party! NYC’s official #1 brass band for BalkanSoul GypsyFunk. "The melodies... remain the same but the arrangements are so wild and wooly, danceable and grooveable, that it comes out as a whole 'nother animal, in your face ...The Department of Balkan, Slavic and Oriental Studies is a dynamic, interdisciplinary and extroversive Department, aiming to “promote knowledge on languages , history and culture of Balkan, Slavic and Oriental countries, and its mission is to study and develop economic , social and political relations between these countries and Greece ...Another name of the Slavic tribe, Travnjane, probably relates to the same people. The alternative theory is that the root “treb” designated sacrificial altars. In any case, Slavic origins of this word are confirmed by additional 20-30 toponyms on the Balkans, for example, Trebinje, Bosnia, or Trebeništa, Macedonia. Lexovii – LeshoviansRussia has long cultivated close ties with Serbia and other Slavic allies in the Balkans, a region at the crossroads of East and West.May 8, 2020 · The seven Slavic tribes were not under the rule of Byzantium and were not in its territory in the northeastern part of the Balkan Peninsula. The tribal union of the seven Slavic tribes is usually set up by Moesia. However, the sources explicitly state that its southern neighbours were the Byzantines, and to the west and northwest - the Avars. ….

Slav, member of the most numerous ethnic and linguistic body of peoples in Europe, residing chiefly in eastern and southeastern Europe but extending also across northern Asia to the Pacific Ocean. Slavic languages belong to the Indo-European family. Customarily, Slavs are subdivided into East Slavs (chiefly Russians, Ukrainians, and Belarusians ...North Slavic features: Wider face, fuller cheeks, button-like wider nose, cat-like lighter eyes, straight thin hair, non-thick eyebrows and also apple-shaped body form in women. that's a pretty good answer! More bulbous and round noses seem like a Slavic feature to me but then again it really depends on the person.The Balkan Slavic Region is, fr om an historical and cultural point of view, one of the most interesting regions in Europe and in the whole wo rld. In this .Branko. Branko is a South Slavic nickname for Branislav. Branko is a strong name with all the “protector” and “defender” meanings of classic Slavic male names. Your little Branko will likely be the #1 strong guy in your life. Origin: Slavic. Meaning: Protection, glory. Pronunciation: BRAEN-gkow.South Slavs appear to have significant Paleo-Balkan ancestry, this ancestry is actually higher in most Bulgarians and almost all Macedonians than their Slavic ancestry is, when looking at pca charts and calculators online it becomes very clear that in terms of Autosomal DNA South Slavs are neither close nor particularly related to East Slavs and PolesOn the other hand, many of the official languages of the Balkan countries, such as Bulgarian or Croatian, belong to the Slavic language family. Similarity #2: A Part of “Eastern Europe” While the Baltics and Balkans are separate regions within Europe, they are also typically considered both a part of the wider, sometimes nebulous, Eastern ...The contacts began after the South Slavic migrations of the Balkans in the 6th and 7th centuries. The modern Albanian lexicon contains around 250 Slavic borrowings that are shared among all the dialects. Slavic settlement probably shaped the present geographic spread of the Albanians. The Balkan Sprachbund comprises Albanian, Romanian, the South Slavic languages of the southern Balkans (Bulgarian, Macedonian and to a lesser degree Serbo-Croatian), Greek, Balkan Turkish, and Romani. All but one of these are Indo-European languages but from very divergent branches, and Turkish is a Turkic language.The non-Slavic languages of the Balkans are Romanian, Albanian, Greek, and Turkish. Muslims offering prayers at a mosque in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina. In terms of ethnicity, the borders of the Balkan states are largely drawn along ethnic lines, with the exception of Bosnia and Herzegovina, which includes Serbs, Croats, and Bosniaks, a ... Balkan slavic, Etymologically related to the Slavic words divide, part. Mat Zemlya: Mat Zemlya is a personification of the Earth appearing mainly in East Slavic texts but remaining in most Slavic languages. Perhaps epithet of Mokosh. Rod: Rod is a figure, spirit, or deity often mentioned in minor East and South Slavic texts, generally along with Rozhanitsy. , Fiery Balkan brass, throbbing funk grooves, Roma (Gypsy) accordion wizardry, and virtuoso jazz chops make Slavic Soul Party! NYC’s official #1 brass band for BalkanSoul GypsyFunk. "The melodies... remain the same but the arrangements are so wild and wooly, danceable and grooveable, that it comes out as a whole 'nother animal, in your face ..., Balkans, easternmost of Europe's three great southern peninsulas. The Balkans are usually characterized as comprising Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, and Slovenia—with all or part of those countries located within the peninsula., Another name of the Slavic tribe, Travnjane, probably relates to the same people. The alternative theory is that the root “treb” designated sacrificial altars. In any case, Slavic origins of this word are confirmed by additional 20-30 toponyms on the Balkans, for example, Trebinje, Bosnia, or Trebeništa, Macedonia. Lexovii – Leshovians, Russia has long cultivated close ties with Serbia and other Slavic allies in the Balkans, a region at the crossroads of East and West., Svarog, God of Fire and Blacksmithing. Svarog, the god of fire and blacksmithing, was one of the more important Slavic gods. He was the Slavic version of the Greek god Hephaestus, and his name was directly connected to fire and warmth. READ MORE: 41 Greek Gods and Goddesses: Family Tree and Fun Facts., Balkan League. Map showing the borders of the Balkan states before and after both Balkan Wars. The League of the Balkans [a] was a quadruple alliance formed by a series of bilateral treaties concluded in 1912 between the Eastern Orthodox kingdoms of Greece, Bulgaria, Serbia and Montenegro, and directed against the Ottoman Empire, [1] which at ..., The term ‘Balkan Slavic’ is used by non-national ist linguists to refer to thos e South Slavic diale cts that comprise Bulgarian, Maced onian, and the Torlak dialects of the former Serbo-Croatian., At the Turks’ expulsion from the Balkans in 1878, Croatia was still a part of the Austria-Hungary. The development of the dialects of Croatian was uneven during this period of occupations. In the 17th century, the Štokavian-based vernacular literature of Dubrovnik’s thrived, and the use of this literary vernacular spread to Bosnia and ..., The Balkan Sprachbund comprises Albanian, Romanian, the South Slavic languages of the southern Balkans (Bulgarian, Macedonian and to a lesser degree Serbo-Croatian), Greek, Balkan Turkish, and Romani. All but one of these are Indo-European languages but from very divergent branches, and Turkish is a Turkic language., The Balkan Slavic language area forms the south-eastern part of the South Slavic dialect continuum. This area consists of the Bulgarian and Macedonian languages and the south …, Sep 19, 2023 · Several Slavic baby girl names are popular worldwide because of their beauty and significance. Adela, meaning ‘noble,’ has found admirers globally. Anna, a derived form of ‘Channah’ meaning ‘grace,’ is loved internationally. Sofia, with Greek origins meaning ‘wisdom,’ is widely used in Slavic countries and also other cultures. , Berehynia (East Slavic mythology female character) Baba Marta (mythical female character in Bulgarian folklore, associated with the month of March. Martenitsa) Božić (Christmas holiday near the southern Slavs) Dodola (in the Balkan tradition, the spring-summer rite of causing rain, as well as the central character of this rite) , The nameless protagonist is a persecuted Serb whose journey, while magical, is strongly rooted in Slavic myth and Balkan cultural heritage. It is a unique epic fantasy that explores the horror and ..., Slavic origin names. Slavonic names for boys; Slavonic names for girls; Vladimíra Darvašová, Slovanská antroponymie v zrcadle etymologie, Bachelor thesis, Masaryk University 2008 (in Czech) Czech and Slovak given names of Slavic origin. Czech and Slovak given names; Jména osob, (in Czech) Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian names …, History. The earliest scholar to notice the similarities between Balkan languages belonging to different families was the Slovenian scholar Jernej Kopitar in 1829. August Schleicher (1850) more explicitly developed the concept of areal relationships as opposed to genetic ones, and Franz Miklosich (1861) studied the relationships of Balkan Slavic and Romance more extensively. , Slavic languages, group of Indo-European languages spoken in most of eastern Europe, much of the Balkans, parts of central Europe, and the northern part of Asia. The Slavic languages, spoken by some 315 million people at the turn of the 21st century, are most closely related to the languages of the Baltic group. , With a view to the future, the University of Macedonia always rewards and gives prominence to excellence in all its areas of operation. It forms a modern research center and an even more powerful factor of intellectual and economic development for the country, constantly adapting to the demands of education and proudly fulfilling its role to the …, Introduction: In this study we aimed to perform the first research on the current state of compulsory basic and clinical courses in genetics for medical students offered at medical faculties in six Balkan countries with Slavic languages (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia, and Slovenia).Materials …, It would not be an easy task to fnd a Slavic linguist who had never heard about the Ottoman Turkish influence upon Balkan Slavic. Nevertheless, this author argues that caution should be exercised ..., Slavic: [noun] a branch of the Indo-European language family containing Belarusian, Bulgarian, Czech, Polish, Serbian and Croatian, Slovene, Russian, and Ukrainian — see Indo-European Languages Table., A major loss. The Moscow library known as INION—the Institute of Scientific Information on Social Sciences—went up in flames on the evening of Jan. 29. Interfax reports that the fire, which started on the building’s third floor and spread t..., Misalnya, di Balkan, ada orang-orang Paleo-Balkan, seperti Illiria yang diromanisasi dan di-Hellenisasi (Garis Jireček), Thracia dan Dacia, serta Yunani dan Kelt Scordisci dan …, Slavic people (Slavs) can be divided into three subgroups based upon their geographic and linguistic distribution: West Slavs (Poland, Czech Republic ..., This article focuses on facets of Pan-Slavism in Russia, on collective Pan-Slavic events in Russia during the Balkan Wars, and on two outstanding agents of Russian Pan-Slavism during the Balkan Wars: the newspaper Novoe Vremia (New time), an influential mass media outlet, and the Russian ambassador in Belgrade, Nikolaus von Hartwig, who maintained an important position until just before the ..., Nowadays Bulgarians are slavic/slavicised people. If we are talking about v - vii centuries we can see they have common words with turks: tangra, khan, asparukh etc. As latins are gone long ago, Thracians are dead for sure. They was compeling with slavs, greeks and the nomads and eventualy they lose the battle., The Slavs or Slavic peoples are the most populous European ethnolinguistic group. [1] They speak the various Slavic languages, belonging to the larger Balto-Slavic branch of the Indo-European language family., Until the Balkan Wars of 1912–1913, the region of Macedonia, part of the Ottoman Empire, was remarkably multiethnic and multilingual. Because Macedonia was partitioned and annexed by various nation states as late as 1913, the kind of complex multilingualism that had given birth to the famous Balkan sprachbund (linguistic area) survived there longer …, Baltic languages - Slavic, Indo-European, Baltic-Slavic: Because contact between the Balts and Slavs from the time of Proto-Indo-European was never broken off, it is understandable that Baltic and Slavic should share more linguistic features than any of the other Indo-European languages. Thus, Indo-European *eu passed to Baltic jau and Common Slavic *jau (which became ju)—e.g., Lithuanian ..., The Southern Slavic movement advocated the independence of the Slavic peoples in Austro-Hungarian Empire and the Ottoman Empire. Some Serbian intellectuals sought to unite all of the Southern, Balkan Slavs, whether Orthodox, Catholic or Muslim, under their rule. Serbia, just having gained independence, was a small nascent state, whereas the ... , The Balkan peninsula is also in Eastern Europe. Not all countries in it are member states of the EU. Not all of them are predominantly Slavic. But ultimately, both …, The constituency and the behavior of the clausal clitics in Serbo-Croatian, Macedonian and Bulgarian are analyzed. It is argued that, while in Serbo-Croatian the clausal clitics are moved to CP and the cluster is formed in a node that is right-adjoined to C°, in Macedonian and Bulgarian the clitics are base-derived in IP, and the cluster is formed to the …,